Do bottom-up effects (resistance) of different accessions of Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.) help against tingid bug [Dictyla cheriani (Drake)] attack?
Abstract
The tingid bug, Dictyla cheriani (Drake) [Hemiptera: Tingidae] is an important pest of Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.), leading to significant losses in yield in the hot arid agro-climate of India. The objectives of this study were to identify and categorize sources of resistance in India cherry accessions to D. cheriani from the arid region of India. We found that: three accessions were resistant; 3 accessions were moderately resistant; 2 accessions were moderately susceptible; 2 accessions were susceptible and three accessions were highly susceptible to D. cheriani infestation. Free amino acid had positive correlation with infestation, whereas phenols, tannin, alkaloid and flavonoid contents had significant negative correlation with infestation. The infestation had significant negative correlation with leaf length and width. Phenols and flavonoid contents explained (96.9 and 96.1%, respectively) of the total variation in bug infestation and in bug density per leaf. One principal component was extracted explaining cumulative variation of 90.07% in infestation. The flavonoid, alkaloid, tannins, phenols content, roughness and hairyness were the novel antibiosis and antixenotic characters found in Indian cherry accessions, which were resistant to D. cheriani. Growers can adopt potential accessions of Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.) as identified for resistance (AHCM-22-1, AHCM-25 and AHCM-34 accessions) with minimal financial investment for obtaining higher yields. The bio-physical traits linked to resistance of Indian cherry against D. cheriani could be used as marker traits in plant breeding programmes to develop resistant cultivars.
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References
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Barakat A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Frost CJ & Carlson JE. 2010. Phylogeny and expression profiling of CAD and CAD-like genes in hybrid Populus (P. deltoides x P. nigra): evidence from herbivore damage for sub-functionalization and functional divergence. BMC Plant Biology, 10:100.
Barbehenn RV &, Peter Constabel C. 2011. Tannins in plant herbivore interactions. Phytochemistry, 72: 1551-1565.
Barbosa P, Hines J, Kaplan I, Martinson H, Szczepaniec A & Szendrei Z. 2009. Associational resistance and associational susceptibility: having right or wrong neighbors. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 40: 1-20.
Bernays EA. 1981. Plant tannins and insect herbivores: an appraisal. Ecological Entomology, 6: 353-60.
Bustos-Segura C, Poelman EH, Michael Reichelt M, Gershenzon J & Gols R. 2017. Intraspecific chemical diversity among neighbouring plants correlates positively with plant size and herbivore load but negatively with herbivore damage. Ecology Letter, 20: 87-97.
Cartea ME, Soengas P, Sotelo T, Abilleira R & Velasco P. 2014. Determining the host-plant resistance mechanisms for Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pest in cabbage. Annals of Applied Biology, 64: 270-285.
Chamarthi SK, Sharma HC, Sahrawat KL, Narasu LM & Dhillon MK. 2011. Physico-chemical mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 446-455.
Daniel DDDR, Marco AMAB & Edson LLELB. 2008. Occurance of Dictyla monotropidia Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Cordia verbenacea Al. DC in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 37: 236-238.
Gogi MD, Ashfaq M, Arif MJ, Sarfraz RM & Nawab NN. 2010. Investigating phenotypic structures and allelochemical compounds of the fruits of Momordica charantia L. genotypes as sources of resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Crop Protection, 29: 884-890.
Grayer RJ, Harborne JB, Kimmins FM, Stevenson PC & Wijayagunasekera HNP. 1994. Phenolics in rice phloem sap as sucking deterrents to the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Acta Horticulture, 381: 669-694.
Haldhar SM, Bhargava R, Choudhary BR, Pal G & Kumar S. 2013a. Allelochemical resistance traits of muskmelon (Cucumis melo) against the fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in a hot arid region of India. Phytoparasitica, 41: 473-481.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Sharma SK. 2013b. Screening of ridge gourd varieties/ genotypes (Luffa acutangula) for resistance fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in hot arid region of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Arid Horticulture. 8 (1-2): 21-24.
Haldhar SM & Singh RS. 2014. Report of Dictyla cheriani Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Indian Cherry (Cordia myxa L.) in Rajasthan, India: incidence and morphometric analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultire Sciences, 84: 128–130.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Meena SR. 2015a. Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of watermelon against Bactrocera cucurbitae in a hot arid region of India. Florida Entomologist, 98: 827-834.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Gurjar K. 2015b. Host plant resistance (HPR) traits of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L. against melon fruit fly, (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot arid region of India. Scientia Horticulturae, 194: 168-174.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR & Bhargava R. 2015c. Antixenotic resistance traits of muskmelon Cucumis melo (L.) against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett)) in arid region of India. Indian Journal of Applied Entomology, 29(2): 81-87.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R & Singh D. 2016a. Screening of snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) genotypes for resistance against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot arid region of Rajasthan. International Journal of Horticulture, Canada 6 (19): 1-7.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR & Bhargava R. 2016b. Susceptibility of watermelon genotypes to fruit fly bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett). Indian Journal of Entomology, 78(2): 170-173.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R & Singh D. 2017. Host plant genotypes determine bottom-up effect of Cucumis melo var. callosus against melon fruit fly. Crop Protection, 98: 157-165.
Haldhar SM, Bhargava R, Krishna H, Berwal MK & Saroj PL. 2018a. Bottom-up effects of different host plant resistance cultivars on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)-fruit fly (Carpomyia vesuviana) interactions. Crop Protection, 106: 117-124.
Haldhar SM, Berwal MK, Samadia DK, Kumar R, Gora JS & Choudhary S. 2018b. Biochemical basis of plant-insect interaction in arid horticulture crops: a scientific review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 6: 1-16.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R, Choudhary BR & Singh D. 2018c. Host plant accessions determine bottom-up effect of snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) against melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)). Breeding Science, 68: 499-507.
Haldhar SM, Singh AK, Kumar K & Sarolia DK. 2018d. Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) against stone weevil, Aubeus himalayanus in hot arid region of India. Indian Journal of Arid Horticulture, 13: 50-58.
Hanley ME, Lamont BB, Fairbanks MM & Rafferty CM. 2007. Plant structural traits and their role in antiherbivore defense. Perspective of Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 78: 157-178.
He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y & Fang W. 2011. Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morphology and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in response to aphid infestation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 687-693.
Johnson MTJ, Smith SD & Rausher MD. 2009. Plant sex and the evolution of plant defenses against herbivores. Proceeding of Nature Academic Sciences USA, 106: 18079-84.
Lee Y & Takahashi T. 1966. An improved colorimetric determination of amino acid with the use of ninhydrin analysis. Biochemistry, 14: 71.
Lin BB. 2011. Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive management for environmental change. Bio Science, 61: 183-193.
Maffei ME, Mithofer A & Boland W. 2007. Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release. Phytochemistry, 68: 2946-2959.
Malik CP & Singh MB. 1980. In: Plant Enzymology and Histo Enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi pp 286.
Mithofer A & Boland W. 2012. Plant defense against herbivores: chemical aspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63: 431-450.
Moslem B, Alireza A, Shahriyar A, Saeid M & Ramin R. 2011. Evaluation of resistance of cucumber cultivars to the vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse. Chilean Journal of Agriculture Research, 71: 395-400.
Muthusamy SK, Sivalingam PN, Sridhar J, Singh D & Haldhar SM. 2017. Biotic stress inducible promoters in crop plants-a review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4: 14-24.
Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Hamidinia A & Bekhradnia AR. 2008. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoids content of Parrotia persica Mey. Pharmacology, 82: 560-567.
National Tree Seed Project. 1999. Annual progress report of national tree seed project. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
O’connor RP. 2000. SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behaviour Research, Mathematics, Instrumental and Computer, 32: 396-402.
Ouedraogo-Kone S, Kabore-Zoungrana CY & Ledin I. 2006. Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle on natural pasture in the sub-humid zone of West Africa. Livestock Science, 105: 244-252.
Pareek OP & Sharma S. 2009. Underutilized fruits and nuts Vol-I diversity and utilization & fruits of subtropical and temperate region. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur, pp 177-179.
Prasad GS, Babu KS, Sreedhar M, Padmaja PG, Subbarayudu B, Kalaisekar A & Patil JV. 2015. Resistance in sorghum to Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and its association with grain parameters. Phytoparasitica, 43: 391-399.
Renwick JAA, Zhang W, Haribal M, Attygalle AB & Lopez KD. 2001. Dual chemical barriers protect a plant against different larval stages of an insect. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27: 1575-1583.
Schanderl SH. 1970. In: Method in Food Analysis. Academic Press, New York pp 709.
Sharma HC, Sujana G & Rao DM. 2009. Morphological and chemical components of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea. Arthropod Plant Interaction, 3: 151-161.
Shivashankar S, Sumathi M, Krishnakumar NK & Rao VK. 2015. Role of phenolic acids and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in resistance of chayote fruit (Sechium edule) against infestation by fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae. Annals of Applied Biology, 166 (3): 420-433.
Simmonds MSJ & Stevenson PC. 2001. Effects of isoflavonoids from Cicer on larvae of Heliocoverpa armigera. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27: 965-977.
Simmonds MSJ. 2003. Flavonoid-insect interactions: recent advances in our knowledge. Phytochemistry, 64: 21-30.
Sivalingam PN, Singh D & Chauhan S. 2012. Morphological and molecular diversity of an underutilized fruit crop - Cordia myxa L. germplasm from the arid region of Rajasthan, India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59: 305–316.
Samadia DK & Haldhar SM. 2017. Breeding strategies and scope of improvement in arid zone fruit crop-plants under abiotic stressed agro-climate: an analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4: 1-13.
Stewart JL &, Brandis D. 1992. The forest flora of North-West and Central India. Reprinted by Bisen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, New Connaught Place, Dehradun, pp. 602.
Tibebu H. 2002. Terminal report on forest entomology research activity. -Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tooker JF & Frank SD. 2012. Genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures for insect pest management and increased crop yields. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 974-985.
Treutter D. 2006. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letter, 64: 147-157.
Usha Rani P & Jyothsna Y. 2010. Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense. Acta Plant Physiology, 32: 695-701.
War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S & Sharma HC. 2012. Mechanisms of plant defence against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behaviour, 7: 1306-1320.
War AR, Paulraj MG, War MY & Ignacimuthu S. 2011. Jasmonic acid- mediated induced resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Plant Growth Regulator, 30: 512-523.
Yadav PK & Goel M. 2006. Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma). In: Saroj PL, Awasthi OP (eds) Advances in arid horticulture, Vol-II production technology of arid, semiarid fruits. International Book Distributing Co, Lucknow, pp 305-318.
Arimura GI, Matsui K & Takabayashi J. 2009. Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions. Plant Cell Physiology, 50: 911-923.
Barakat A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Frost CJ & Carlson JE. 2010. Phylogeny and expression profiling of CAD and CAD-like genes in hybrid Populus (P. deltoides x P. nigra): evidence from herbivore damage for sub-functionalization and functional divergence. BMC Plant Biology, 10:100.
Barbehenn RV &, Peter Constabel C. 2011. Tannins in plant herbivore interactions. Phytochemistry, 72: 1551-1565.
Barbosa P, Hines J, Kaplan I, Martinson H, Szczepaniec A & Szendrei Z. 2009. Associational resistance and associational susceptibility: having right or wrong neighbors. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 40: 1-20.
Bernays EA. 1981. Plant tannins and insect herbivores: an appraisal. Ecological Entomology, 6: 353-60.
Bustos-Segura C, Poelman EH, Michael Reichelt M, Gershenzon J & Gols R. 2017. Intraspecific chemical diversity among neighbouring plants correlates positively with plant size and herbivore load but negatively with herbivore damage. Ecology Letter, 20: 87-97.
Cartea ME, Soengas P, Sotelo T, Abilleira R & Velasco P. 2014. Determining the host-plant resistance mechanisms for Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pest in cabbage. Annals of Applied Biology, 64: 270-285.
Chamarthi SK, Sharma HC, Sahrawat KL, Narasu LM & Dhillon MK. 2011. Physico-chemical mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 446-455.
Daniel DDDR, Marco AMAB & Edson LLELB. 2008. Occurance of Dictyla monotropidia Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Cordia verbenacea Al. DC in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 37: 236-238.
Gogi MD, Ashfaq M, Arif MJ, Sarfraz RM & Nawab NN. 2010. Investigating phenotypic structures and allelochemical compounds of the fruits of Momordica charantia L. genotypes as sources of resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Crop Protection, 29: 884-890.
Grayer RJ, Harborne JB, Kimmins FM, Stevenson PC & Wijayagunasekera HNP. 1994. Phenolics in rice phloem sap as sucking deterrents to the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Acta Horticulture, 381: 669-694.
Haldhar SM, Bhargava R, Choudhary BR, Pal G & Kumar S. 2013a. Allelochemical resistance traits of muskmelon (Cucumis melo) against the fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in a hot arid region of India. Phytoparasitica, 41: 473-481.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Sharma SK. 2013b. Screening of ridge gourd varieties/ genotypes (Luffa acutangula) for resistance fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in hot arid region of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Arid Horticulture. 8 (1-2): 21-24.
Haldhar SM & Singh RS. 2014. Report of Dictyla cheriani Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Indian Cherry (Cordia myxa L.) in Rajasthan, India: incidence and morphometric analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultire Sciences, 84: 128–130.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Meena SR. 2015a. Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of watermelon against Bactrocera cucurbitae in a hot arid region of India. Florida Entomologist, 98: 827-834.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR, Bhargava R & Gurjar K. 2015b. Host plant resistance (HPR) traits of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L. against melon fruit fly, (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot arid region of India. Scientia Horticulturae, 194: 168-174.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR & Bhargava R. 2015c. Antixenotic resistance traits of muskmelon Cucumis melo (L.) against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett)) in arid region of India. Indian Journal of Applied Entomology, 29(2): 81-87.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R & Singh D. 2016a. Screening of snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) genotypes for resistance against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot arid region of Rajasthan. International Journal of Horticulture, Canada 6 (19): 1-7.
Haldhar SM, Choudhary BR & Bhargava R. 2016b. Susceptibility of watermelon genotypes to fruit fly bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett). Indian Journal of Entomology, 78(2): 170-173.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R & Singh D. 2017. Host plant genotypes determine bottom-up effect of Cucumis melo var. callosus against melon fruit fly. Crop Protection, 98: 157-165.
Haldhar SM, Bhargava R, Krishna H, Berwal MK & Saroj PL. 2018a. Bottom-up effects of different host plant resistance cultivars on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)-fruit fly (Carpomyia vesuviana) interactions. Crop Protection, 106: 117-124.
Haldhar SM, Berwal MK, Samadia DK, Kumar R, Gora JS & Choudhary S. 2018b. Biochemical basis of plant-insect interaction in arid horticulture crops: a scientific review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 6: 1-16.
Haldhar SM, Samadia DK, Bhargava R, Choudhary BR & Singh D. 2018c. Host plant accessions determine bottom-up effect of snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) against melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)). Breeding Science, 68: 499-507.
Haldhar SM, Singh AK, Kumar K & Sarolia DK. 2018d. Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) against stone weevil, Aubeus himalayanus in hot arid region of India. Indian Journal of Arid Horticulture, 13: 50-58.
Hanley ME, Lamont BB, Fairbanks MM & Rafferty CM. 2007. Plant structural traits and their role in antiherbivore defense. Perspective of Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 78: 157-178.
He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y & Fang W. 2011. Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morphology and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in response to aphid infestation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 687-693.
Johnson MTJ, Smith SD & Rausher MD. 2009. Plant sex and the evolution of plant defenses against herbivores. Proceeding of Nature Academic Sciences USA, 106: 18079-84.
Lee Y & Takahashi T. 1966. An improved colorimetric determination of amino acid with the use of ninhydrin analysis. Biochemistry, 14: 71.
Lin BB. 2011. Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive management for environmental change. Bio Science, 61: 183-193.
Maffei ME, Mithofer A & Boland W. 2007. Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release. Phytochemistry, 68: 2946-2959.
Malik CP & Singh MB. 1980. In: Plant Enzymology and Histo Enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi pp 286.
Mithofer A & Boland W. 2012. Plant defense against herbivores: chemical aspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63: 431-450.
Moslem B, Alireza A, Shahriyar A, Saeid M & Ramin R. 2011. Evaluation of resistance of cucumber cultivars to the vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse. Chilean Journal of Agriculture Research, 71: 395-400.
Muthusamy SK, Sivalingam PN, Sridhar J, Singh D & Haldhar SM. 2017. Biotic stress inducible promoters in crop plants-a review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4: 14-24.
Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Hamidinia A & Bekhradnia AR. 2008. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoids content of Parrotia persica Mey. Pharmacology, 82: 560-567.
National Tree Seed Project. 1999. Annual progress report of national tree seed project. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
O’connor RP. 2000. SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behaviour Research, Mathematics, Instrumental and Computer, 32: 396-402.
Ouedraogo-Kone S, Kabore-Zoungrana CY & Ledin I. 2006. Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle on natural pasture in the sub-humid zone of West Africa. Livestock Science, 105: 244-252.
Pareek OP & Sharma S. 2009. Underutilized fruits and nuts Vol-I diversity and utilization & fruits of subtropical and temperate region. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur, pp 177-179.
Prasad GS, Babu KS, Sreedhar M, Padmaja PG, Subbarayudu B, Kalaisekar A & Patil JV. 2015. Resistance in sorghum to Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and its association with grain parameters. Phytoparasitica, 43: 391-399.
Renwick JAA, Zhang W, Haribal M, Attygalle AB & Lopez KD. 2001. Dual chemical barriers protect a plant against different larval stages of an insect. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27: 1575-1583.
Schanderl SH. 1970. In: Method in Food Analysis. Academic Press, New York pp 709.
Sharma HC, Sujana G & Rao DM. 2009. Morphological and chemical components of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea. Arthropod Plant Interaction, 3: 151-161.
Shivashankar S, Sumathi M, Krishnakumar NK & Rao VK. 2015. Role of phenolic acids and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in resistance of chayote fruit (Sechium edule) against infestation by fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae. Annals of Applied Biology, 166 (3): 420-433.
Simmonds MSJ & Stevenson PC. 2001. Effects of isoflavonoids from Cicer on larvae of Heliocoverpa armigera. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27: 965-977.
Simmonds MSJ. 2003. Flavonoid-insect interactions: recent advances in our knowledge. Phytochemistry, 64: 21-30.
Sivalingam PN, Singh D & Chauhan S. 2012. Morphological and molecular diversity of an underutilized fruit crop - Cordia myxa L. germplasm from the arid region of Rajasthan, India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59: 305–316.
Samadia DK & Haldhar SM. 2017. Breeding strategies and scope of improvement in arid zone fruit crop-plants under abiotic stressed agro-climate: an analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4: 1-13.
Stewart JL &, Brandis D. 1992. The forest flora of North-West and Central India. Reprinted by Bisen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, New Connaught Place, Dehradun, pp. 602.
Tibebu H. 2002. Terminal report on forest entomology research activity. -Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tooker JF & Frank SD. 2012. Genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures for insect pest management and increased crop yields. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 974-985.
Treutter D. 2006. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letter, 64: 147-157.
Usha Rani P & Jyothsna Y. 2010. Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense. Acta Plant Physiology, 32: 695-701.
War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S & Sharma HC. 2012. Mechanisms of plant defence against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behaviour, 7: 1306-1320.
War AR, Paulraj MG, War MY & Ignacimuthu S. 2011. Jasmonic acid- mediated induced resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Plant Growth Regulator, 30: 512-523.
Yadav PK & Goel M. 2006. Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma). In: Saroj PL, Awasthi OP (eds) Advances in arid horticulture, Vol-II production technology of arid, semiarid fruits. International Book Distributing Co, Lucknow, pp 305-318.
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2019-08-05
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Haldhar, S., Bhargava, R., Singh, R., Samadia, D., Jat, G., & Singh, D. (2019). Do bottom-up effects (resistance) of different accessions of Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.) help against tingid bug [Dictyla cheriani (Drake)] attack?. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 8(8), 84–103. Retrieved from https://journals.saaer.org.in/index.php/jae/article/view/233
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